Disruptive Innovation




In business, disruptive technology is referred to an innovation that creates a new market and value network which eventually disrupts an existing one, displacing the already established firms, products and alliances that are leading in the market.  It was defined and analysed by Clayton M. Christensen, an American scholar along with his collaborators beginning in 1995 and has been called the most influential business idea of the early 21st Century.

Here, we cannot categorise all innovations as disruptive even if they are revolutionary. For example, in the late 19th Century the first automobiles were not a disruptive innovation as it was a luxury item unaffordable to many, and did not disrupt the market for other means of transport like horse-drawn vehicles. The market remained intact until the lower-priced Ford Model T was introduced in 1908.

These innovations are often seen to be produced by outsiders or entrepreneurs in startups rather than the existing market leaders. It is so because the business environment of such market leaders do not allow them to pursue their ideas and thoughts of disruptive innovations when they first arise as it may not be profitable in the initial stages and also takes away their resources.

For example, in the music and video industry, downloadable digital media is a disruptive innovation which disrupted the market of CDs and DVDs. Or in the transportation industry, high-speed rails disrupted the market for short distance flights with regards to its cost, time and convenience.

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